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SUTLEJ-Journal Of Literature, Sciences And Development Studies

The Journal is Published By "National Press Associates"
Publisher Website: www.npajournals.org
ISSN: 2455-0760
Impact Factor: 5.8
Peer Review Process: Double Blind Peer Review Process
Powered by DOI (Digital Object Identifier)
Low Article Processing Fees
Frequency of Publication: Biannual (2 Issues Per Year)
Languages: Multilingual
Accessibility: Open Access
Plagiarism Policy: 25% Allowed
AI Content: 10% Allowed
Article Processing Charges: 1800 INR (Online Publication)
Article Processing Charges: 2300 INR (Online+Print Publication)

SCOPE OF JOURNAL

Sutlej Journal is a multidisciplinary and multilingual journal that seeks to foster dialogue across disciplines and linguistic traditions. We invite original research articles, review papers, case studies, translations, book reviews, and scholarly notes that demonstrate academic rigor and relevance.

The journal welcomes contributions from, but not limited to, the following domains:

  1. Arts & Humanities: Literature in English, Hindi, Punjabi, History, Philosophy, Linguistics, Translation Studies, Cultural Studies, Religious Studies & Fine Arts.
  2. Social Sciences: Economics, Political Science, Public Administration, Sociology, Psychology, Education, Geography, Social Work, Law
  3. Commerce & Management: Accounting, Finance, Marketing, Human Resource Management, Entrepreneurship, E-commerce, Business Ethics
  4. Sciences: Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics, Statistics, Botany, Zoology, Environmental Science, Computer Science, Information Technology
  5. Interdisciplinary & Contemporary Areas: Gender Studies, Media and Communication, Rural Development, Public Policy, Sustainable Development, Digital Humanities, NEP 2020 and Education Reforms, Indian Knowledge Systems, Punjabi Language, Literature and Culture.

Sutlej Journal particularly encourages research that addresses regional, national, and global challenges, promotes multilingual scholarship, and aligns with the goals of sustainable development and social equity.

Language Policy

To honor India’s linguistic heritage and promote wider dissemination of knowledge, Sutlej Journal accepts scholarly contributions in English, Hindi, and Punjabi. Abstracts of all published papers will be provided in English to ensure wider accessibility. Authors writing in Hindi or Punjabi are encouraged to follow standard academic conventions and Unicode fonts.

Steps to Inculcation of Research Aptitude

In alignment with the National Education Policy 2020 and the vision of Government College, Ropar, Sutlej Journal is committed to building a vibrant research ecosystem:

  1. Mentorship & Guidance: Faculty editorial board members provide guidance to young researchers and postgraduate students in identifying research gaps and preparing manuscripts for publication in multiple languages.
  2. Workshops & Capacity Building: Regular workshops on research methodology, academic writing, translation, literature review, data analysis, citation management, and use of plagiarism detection tools.
  3. Student Research Engagement: The journal encourages UG and PG students to convert dissertations, projects, and innovative ideas into publishable papers, with support for writing in English, Hindi, or Punjabi.
  4. Interdisciplinary & Multilingual Discourse: Through special issues and themed sections, Sutlej Journal promotes cross-departmental and cross-language collaboration to enrich academic dialogue.
  5. Ethics and Quality Assurance: A strict double-blind peer review process in the respective language is followed to ensure originality, validity, and academic integrity.
  6. Promoting Regional & Vernacular Research: Special emphasis is given to research on the history, culture, language, environment, and socio-economic development of Punjab, with priority to scholarship in Punjabi and Hindi.

Peer Review & Publication Ethics

All submissions to Sutlej Journal undergo a rigorous double-blind peer review by experts proficient in the language of submission. The journal adheres to the highest standards of publication ethics with zero tolerance for plagiarism.

Vision

To emerge as a nationally and internationally recognized multidisciplinary, multilingual platform for research that fosters critical inquiry, intellectual innovation, and socially relevant knowledge creation.

Mission

1. To publish high-quality, original, and impactful research across disciplines and languages.

2. To nurture research aptitude and scholarly writing skills among students and faculty in English, Hindi, and Punjabi.

3. To promote interdisciplinary and multilingual collaboration for inclusive knowledge dissemination.

4. To uphold principles of academic freedom, inclusivity, and ethical publishing.

5. To document and disseminate research rooted in local and regional contexts while engaging with global academic discourse.

Sutlej Journal is published under the aegis of Government College, Ropar, and carries forward the institution’s 80-year tradition of learning, inquiry, and service to society.

Co-Publisher Information:

National Press Associates
Website: www.npajournals.org
E-Mail: sutlejjournal@gmail.com
Contact no: 9888934889
Publisher Information:
Government College Ropar, Rupnagar - 140001 Punjab, India
Email: sutlejjournal@gmail.com
Phone: +91 1881-222263 

Important Note for Authors
Authors are requested to submit only original research papers/articles that are free from plagiarism and comply with the journal's originality requirements, including adherence to the journal's policy on AI-generated content where applicable. Authors are solely responsible for ensuring the authenticity, originality, and ethical integrity of their manuscripts before submission. The journal, its editorial board, and the publisher shall not be held responsible for any academic, legal, or professional consequences arising after publication due to plagiarism, copyright infringement, unethical practices, or violations of institutional or regulatory policies by the authors.

The Editorial Board and Publisher reserve the right to reject, retract, or remove any manuscript found to violate the journal's publication ethics or originality requirements, either before or after publication.

Current Issue

Year: 2026 - Volume -5, Issue-2 (July-December)

RIGHT TO LIFE: A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO INDIA

Neeru Chopra India DOI Pages: 72-76
Abstract View PDF
RIGHT TO LIFE: A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO INDIA
Author: Neeru Chopra

The Right to Life is considered the most basic and essential of all human rights, as it forms the foundation on which all other rights depend. Without this right, the existence of any legal or social system becomes meaningless. However, the idea of “life” is not limited to mere physical survival; it also includes the right to live with dignity, security, and basic human conditions.
This research paper attempts to examine the concept of the Right to Life in detail, especially in the Indian context. It focuses on its constitutional basis under Article 21, its gradual expansion through judicial interpretation, and its relevance in present-day society. The paper also discusses important landmark judgments that have widened the scope of this right over time

STRATEGIC UNCERTAINTY AND THE 2026 MIDDLE EAST CRISIS — IMPLICATIONS FOR INDIA

Harpreet Kaur India DOI Pages: 67-71
Abstract View PDF
STRATEGIC UNCERTAINTY AND THE 2026 MIDDLE EAST CRISIS — IMPLICATIONS FOR INDIA
Author: Harpreet Kaur

The Middle East in 2026, is an escalation of war, but fundamentally changes, both in terms of the very character of warfare and the world-system. This crisis, characterized by face-to-face confrontation (with the United States, Israel, and Iran), has brought down the foundation of controlled escalation and replaced it with the condition of ongoing strategic uncertainty. The latter is influenced by the exponential diffusion of precision-strike technologies, the decentralization of military capabilities, and the inherent reversal of the cost-exchange ratio on modern warfare. These are not geopolitical considerations from a distant past for India, but geopolitical concerns that manifest themselves as ongoing strategic challenges facing energy security, the stability of the diaspora, maritime trade, and domestic economic conditions. India also needs to realign its strategic posture towards resilience, adaptability and more proactive engagement within an ever more unpredictable international terrain.

ਇਰਾਨ–ਇਜ਼ਰਾਈਲ ਅਤੇ ਅਮਰੀਕਾ ਸੰਘਰਸ਼ : ਇੱਕ ਭਾਸ਼ਾਈ ਵਿਸ਼ਲੇਸ਼ਣ

ਜਤਿੰਦਰ ਕੁਮਾਰ India DOI Pages: 64-66
Abstract View PDF
ਇਰਾਨ–ਇਜ਼ਰਾਈਲ ਅਤੇ ਅਮਰੀਕਾ ਸੰਘਰਸ਼ : ਇੱਕ ਭਾਸ਼ਾਈ ਵਿਸ਼ਲੇਸ਼ਣ
Author: ਜਤਿੰਦਰ ਕੁਮਾਰ

ਇਹ ਅਧਿਐਨ ਇਰਾਨ–ਇਜ਼ਰਾਈਲ ਸੰਘਰਸ਼ ਨੂੰ ਭਾਸ਼ਾਈ ਦ੍ਰਿਸ਼ਟੀਕੋਣ ਨਾਲ ਵਿਸ਼ਲੇਸ਼ਿਤ ਕਰਦਾ ਹੈ। ਇਸ ਵਿੱਚ ਦਰਸਾਇਆ ਗਿਆ ਹੈ ਕਿ ਯੁੱਧ ਸਿਰਫ਼ ਸੈਨਿਕ ਟਕਰਾਅ ਨਹੀਂ, ਸਗੋਂ ਇੱਕ “ਭਾਸ਼ਾਈ ਯੁੱਧ” ਵੀ ਹੈ। ਵੱਖ-ਵੱਖ ਦੇਸ਼ ਆਪਣੇ ਬਿਰਤਾਂਤ (narratives) ਰਾਹੀਂ ਲੋਕਾਂ ਦੀ ਸੋਚ ਅਤੇ ਰਾਜਨੀਤਿਕ ਸਮਰਥਨ ਨੂੰ ਪ੍ਰਭਾਵਿਤ ਕਰਦੇ ਹਨ। ਆਲੋਚਨਾਤਮਕ ਭਾਸ਼ਣ ਵਿਸ਼ਲੇਸ਼ਣ Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) ਦੇ ਅਧਾਰ ‘ਤੇ ਇਹ ਸਪੱਸ਼ਟ ਹੁੰਦਾ ਹੈ ਕਿ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ ਸ਼ਕਤੀ (power) ਅਤੇ ਵਿਚਾਰਧਾਰਾ (ideology) ਨੂੰ ਬਣਾਉਂਦੀ ਹੈ। ਅਮਰੀਕਾ ਨੈਤਿਕ ਫਰੇਮਿੰਗ (moral framing) ਵਰਤਦਾ ਹੈ, ਇਰਾਨ ਧਾਰਮਿਕ ਭਾਸ਼ਣ (religious discourse) ਅਤੇ ਡਿਜ਼ੀਟਲ ਪ੍ਰਚਾਰ (digital propaganda) ਵਰਤਦਾ ਹੈ, ਅਤੇ ਇਜ਼ਰਾਈਲ ਬਚਾਅ ਦੇ ਬਿਰਤਾਂਤ (survival narrative) ਬਣਾਉਂਦਾ ਹੈ। ਇਸ ਤਰ੍ਹਾਂ ਇੱਕੋ ਸੰਘਰਸ਼ ਵਿੱਚ ਬਚਾਅ ਦੀਆਂ ਬਹੁ-ਪਰਤੀ ਹਕੀਕਤਾਂ (multiple realities) ਬਣ ਜਾਂਦੀਆਂ ਹਨ।
ਭੂਮਿਕਾ (Introduction): ਯੁੱਧ ਸਿਰਫ਼ ਗੋਲੀਆਂ ਨਾਲ ਨਹੀਂ, ਸ਼ਬਦਾਂ ਨਾਲ ਵੀ ਲੜਿਆ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ। ਹਰ ਦੇਸ਼ ਇੱਕੋ ਘਟਨਾ ਨੂੰ ਆਪਣੇ ਹੱਕ ਵਿੱਚ ਦਿਖਾਉਂਦਾ ਹੈ। ਅਮਰੀਕਾ ਇਸਨੂੰ ਸੁਰੱਖਿਆ ਕਦਮ ਕਹਿੰਦਾ ਹੈ, ਇਜ਼ਰਾਈਲ ਪਹਿਲਾਂ ਤੋਂ ਬਚਾਅ, ਤੇ ਇਰਾਨ ਹਮਲਾ ਦੱਸਦਾ ਹੈ। ਇਸ ਤਰ੍ਹਾਂ ਲੋਕਾਂ ਦੀ ਸੋਚ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ ਨਾਲ ਬਦਲੀ ਜਾਂਦੀ ਹੈ।

भारतीय लोकतंत्र में स्त्री मुक्ति के प्रयासों की आवश्यकता और डॉ रमेश पोखरियाल निशंक की पहल

मीना कुमारी India DOI Pages: 57-63
Abstract View PDF
भारतीय लोकतंत्र में स्त्री मुक्ति के प्रयासों की आवश्यकता और डॉ रमेश पोखरियाल निशंक की पहल
Author: मीना कुमारी

भारतीय लोकतंत्र को दुनिया का सबसे बड़ा लोकतंत्र माना जाता है, जहाँ नागरिकों को समानता, स्वतंत्रता, अभिव्यक्ति और निर्णय‑निर्माण में भागीदारी का संवैधानिक अधिकार प्राप्त है। परंतु इस विशाल लोकतांत्रिक ढांचे में भी स्त्री मुक्ति और महिला सशक्तिकरण की आवश्यकता आज भी उतनी ही गहरी है, जितनी स्वतंत्रता‑पूर्व काल में थी। भारतीय समाज अभी भी पितृसत्तात्मक संरचनाओं, लैंगिक असमानता, शिक्षा और रोजगार में अंतर, घरेलू हिंसा और राजनीतिक प्रतिनिधित्व की कमी जैसी समस्याओं से जूझ रहा है, जिन्हें दूर करने के लिए स्त्री मुक्ति के संघर्ष को लोकतंत्र की मुख्यधारा में लाना अनिवार्य है। इसी संदर्भ में, पूर्व केंद्रीय मानव संसाधन विकास मंत्री एवं शिक्षाविद् डॉ. रमेश पोखरियाल ‘निशंक’ ने शिक्षा, स्वरोजगार और सामाजिक सुरक्षा के क्षेत्र में कई ऐसी पहल की हैं, जो स्त्री मुक्ति की दिशा में लोकतांत्रिक भारत के लिए महत्वपूर्ण कदम साबित हो रही हैं। इस शोध‑पत्र में हम इस विषय को तीन भागों में देखेंगे: भारतीय लोकतंत्र में स्त्री मुक्ति की सैद्धांतिक आवश्यकता, वर्तमान वास्तविकता और चुनौतियाँ, डॉ. रमेश पोखरियाल निशंक की शैक्षिक और सामाजिक पहलों का विश्लेषण

CONTOURS OF LINGUISTIC FEDERALISM: THE PUNJABI SUBA MOVEMENT AND THE REORGANISATION OF PUNJAB, 1947–1966

Narpinder Singh Nagra India DOI Pages: 52-56
Abstract View PDF
CONTOURS OF LINGUISTIC FEDERALISM: THE PUNJABI SUBA MOVEMENT AND THE REORGANISATION OF PUNJAB, 1947–1966
Author: Narpinder Singh Nagra

The reorganisation of Punjab in 1966 represents one of the most revealing moments in the making of India’s federal structure, shaped by the long and often turbulent history of the Punjabi Suba movement. Rather than viewing this movement through narrow binaries either as a linguistic claim or a communal project this article approaches it as a layered historical process in which language, religion and political uncertainty after Partition became deeply entangled. In Punjab, language was never merely a tool of communication; it was inseparable from script, memory and identity and therefore carried profound political meaning. By situating the Punjabi Suba demand within the broader trajectory of linguistic recorganisation in India, this study highlights what made Punjab distinctive. The movement unfolded in a region still marked by the violence and dislocation of Partition, where demographic shifts and competing affiliations shaped how communities defined their linguistic loyalties. Drawing on legislative debates, Akali Dal documents and contemporary public discourse, the article argues that the demand for Punjabi Suba was driven as much by historical experience and insecurity as by constitutional ideals of linguistic equality. The eventual creation of Punjab in 1966 resolved the immediate demand, yet it did not bring closure. Instead, it generated new tensions over territory, resources and identity. The Punjabi Suba movement thus offers a critical lens through which to understand both the possibilities and the inherent limits of accommodating diversity within India’s federal framework

OPTION CHAIN ANALYSIS FOR SHORT-TERM MARKET PREDICTION: A QUANTITATIVE STUDY OF NIFTY 50

Mukesh Kumar, Monika, Darshpreet Kaur India DOI Pages: 46-51
Abstract View PDF
OPTION CHAIN ANALYSIS FOR SHORT-TERM MARKET PREDICTION: A QUANTITATIVE STUDY OF NIFTY 50
Author: Mukesh Kumar, Monika, Darshpreet Kaur

Financial markets are complex and ever-changing systems shaped by investor psychology, retail participation, and the continuous flow of data. Understanding and predicting market movements is not just about numbers—it requires connecting data with behaviour and observing how different forces interact in real time. In recent years, option chain analysis has emerged as a practical and widely used approach for interpreting short-term market trends, offering valuable insights into market sentiment and participant positioning. This study explores key option chain indicators such as the Put-Call Ratio (PCR), Open Interest (OI), and institutional investor positioning to evaluate short-term investment opportunities in the Nifty 50 index, India’s benchmark stock index. Using publicly available derivatives data, the research identifies recurring patterns and meaningful trends, focusing on how different participants—retail investors, Foreign Institutional Investors (FIIs), and Domestic Institutional Investors (DIIs) adjust their positions in response to price changes and market volatility.

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE FOUR-YEAR UNDERGRADUATE PROGRAMME UNDER NEP 2020: POLICY VISION AND INSTITUTIONAL CHALLENGES

Parmesher Singh, Suman Preet Kaur India DOI Pages: 37-45
Abstract View PDF
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE FOUR-YEAR UNDERGRADUATE PROGRAMME UNDER NEP 2020: POLICY VISION AND INSTITUTIONAL CHALLENGES
Author: Parmesher Singh, Suman Preet Kaur

The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 made a lot of big changes to the Indian higher
education system. One of these changes was the Four-Year Undergraduate Programme (FYUP). The FYUP wants to promote interdisciplinary and holistic education, make undergraduate research more focused, and provide students more options for how to study and when to leave. This policy objective strives to bring Indian higher education in line with worldwide academic standards while also making sure that students learn the critical thinking, creativity, and problem-solving skills they will need in the twenty-first century. This study analyses the policy goal and the execution of the Four-Year Undergraduate Program under NEP 2020, as well as the institutional challenges faced by higher education institutions. To understand the targeted outcomes and the practicalities of implementation, the research analyses policy documents, academic publications, and relevant literature using a descriptive and analytical approach. The report stresses that even while the FYUP framework encourages research engagement, skill development, and learning across disciplines, many institutions have a lot of operational problems. Some of these disadvantages include poor infrastructure, not enough trained academics, difficulty with changing the curriculum, inadequate awareness among stakeholders, and issues with credit transfer and academic flexibility.

VOCATIONAL EDUCATION AND SKILL INDIA: A THEORETICAL REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Vikramjit Singh India DOI Pages: 29-36
Abstract View PDF
VOCATIONAL EDUCATION AND SKILL INDIA: A THEORETICAL REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Author: Vikramjit Singh

Purpose – This study critically examines the role of vocational education and training (VET) in enhancing employability within the context of India’s Skill India initiative through a comprehensive theoretical synthesis of existing literature.
Design/methodology/approach – The paper adopts a systematic literature review (SLR) approach, synthesizing 50 peer-reviewed studies published between 1965 and 2025. The review identifies key thematic dimensions, including human capital development, institutional frameworks, training quality, industry collaboration, and emerging digital skill requirements.
Findings – The analysis reveals that vocational education significantly contributes to
employability, productivity, and economic development. However, its effectiveness is
constrained by persistent challenges such as curriculum mismatch, inadequate training quality, weak industry linkages, and institutional fragmentation. The findings further highlight the growing importance of digital competencies and demand-driven training systems in improving workforce outcomes.
Practical implications – The study suggests that policymakers and training institutions
should prioritize curriculum alignment with industry needs, enhance training quality, and strengthen industry partnerships to improve employability outcomes.
Originality/value – By integrating five decades of research into a unified theoretical
framework, this study provides a comprehensive understanding of vocational education systems and identifies critical areas for reform in the Indian context.

Keywords: Digital competencies, Economic development, Employability, Skill India and
Vocational education,

INDIAN MATHEMATICAL HERITAGE: HISTORICAL FOUNDATIONS OF GLOBAL MATHEMATICAL KNOWLEDGE

Paramjit Singh Dhillon India DOI Pages: 23-28
Abstract View PDF
INDIAN MATHEMATICAL HERITAGE: HISTORICAL FOUNDATIONS OF GLOBAL MATHEMATICAL KNOWLEDGE
Author: Paramjit Singh Dhillon

Ancient India is a cultural heritage of all mathematics. A number of centuries of
research by Indian mathematicians built up into a mathematical theory which has been used effectively in science around the world. From the mathematical formulas of the Sulbasutras in mathematics to the algebraic and astronomical treatises of the classical mathematicians that are written in mathematics, Indian mathematics is an integrated and innovative approach to theory. To the best of our knowledge, the greatest accomplishment of Indian mathematicians was to make decimal place-value number systems and the fact that zero is a symbol and mathematical concept. These were the early developments in numerical computation which brought the concept of numerical computation from the Islamic world to Europe and became the basic mathematics and science of modern day and modern math. Some of the key scholars who introduced the concept of Algebra, Trigonometry, and Number Theory were Aryabhata, Brahmagupta, and Bhaskara II. Their compositions such as Aryabhatiya and Brahma sphuta siddhanta were structured in the terms of solving equations, calculating planetary motion, and carrying out numerical work. Mathematical thought in the Kerala School of Astronomy and Mathematics developed over the centuries and so did infinite series and early versions of calculus in the past which were not possible in
Europe. The evolution of Indian mathematics and its impact on world civilization and
science across centuries is discussed in this paper. The reading points out classical and
academic perspectives of Indian mathematics studies to bring out original, deep and
interlocking Indian mathematics thought in textbooks as well as historical
developments. Their findings suggest Indian mathematical thought was not just a tool
for practical problem-solving issues of astronomy, architecture and commerce, but
also had the basic theoretical foundation of mathematics in all civilizations. It starts
then with that heritage you can put down your head, so we start to understand science
is interrelated in history and that India’s contribution to the broader mathematical
tradition did not end but is still going on.

EVOLUTION OF ECONOMIC THOUGHT IN INDIA: CONTRIBUTIONS OF INDIAN ECONOMISTS

Baljinder Kaur India DOI Pages: 18-22
Abstract View PDF
EVOLUTION OF ECONOMIC THOUGHT IN INDIA: CONTRIBUTIONS OF INDIAN ECONOMISTS
Author: Baljinder Kaur

Indian economic thought has been shaped by social institutions, political transformations, and academic traditions over a long chronological process. From ancient thesis on governance and statecraft to current theories of development and welfare economics, Indian scholars have played a leading role in the international community on economics, including world class writings on development, the
economy and sociology. Traditional writings like the Arthashastra attributed to Kautilya provide systematic understanding of taxation, trade regulation, public finance, and economic administration and contribute to initial economic ideas in India. During the colonial period, Indian economists started to realize the economic burden of British rule and the Drain Theory as a result of this study. M. G. Ranade and R. C. Dutt considered issues pertaining to industrialisation, economic nationalism and historical genesis of poverty in India in late 19th and early 20th century literature. Indian economists have played a pivotal role in development economics and public policy in the twentieth century. The writings of Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, P. C. Mahalanobis and Amartya Sen provided us significant theoretical and experimental advances in economics, both in economic planning and numerical methods, and, welfare economics and human development. Their theories influenced domestic policy making and international academic debates. My analysis seeks to uncover the developmental history of economic philosophy in India and point out influential contributions of key Indian economists. By comparing their theories, writings and policy inputs, the research explains how Indian economic thinking emerged as both a reaction to specific historical problems and as emerging from international economic conversations

ਜਪੁਜੀ ਦੇ ਪੰਜ ਖੰਡ

ਰਾਜਿੰਦਰ ਕੌਰ India DOI Pages: 12-17
Abstract View PDF
ਜਪੁਜੀ ਦੇ ਪੰਜ ਖੰਡ
Author: ਰਾਜਿੰਦਰ ਕੌਰ

ਗੁਰੂ ਨਾਨਕ ਦੇਵ ਜੀ ਨੇ ਜਪੁਜੀ ਦੇ ਅੰਤ ਦੇ ਕਰੀਬ 34ਵੀਂ ਤੋਂ 37ਵੀਂ ਚਾਰ ਪੌੜੀਆਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਪੰਜ ਖੰਡਾਂ ਦਾ ਵਰਣਨ ਕੀਤਾ ਹੈ | ਖੰਡ ਸ਼ਬਦ ਦਾ ਅਰਥ ਹੈ ਟੁਕੜਾ', ਹਿੱਸਾ, ਭਾਗ ਆਦਿ। ਪੰਜ ਖੰਡਾਂ ਦੇ ਨਾਂ ਇਸ ਤਰ੍ਹਾਂ ਹਨ:-
1 .ਧਰਮ ਖੰਡ 2 .ਗਿਆਨ ਖੰਡ 3 .ਸਰਮ ਖੰਡ 4 .ਕਰਮ ਖੰਡ 5 .ਸੱਚਖੰਡ
ਪਹਿਲੇ ਤਿੰਨ ਖੰਡ ਕਰਮਵਾਰ 34ਵੀਂ, 35ਵੀਂ ਤੇ 36ਵੀਂ ਪੌੜੀ ਵਿੱਚ ਆਏ ਹਨ ਤੇ ਅੰਤਲੇ ਦੋ ਖੰਡ 37ਵੀਂ ਪੌੜੀ ਵਿੱਚ। ਇਹਨਾਂ ਦੋਹਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਇੱਕੋ ਪੌੜੀ ਵਿੱਚ ਰੱਖਣ ਦਾ ਵੀ ਕੋਈ ਭੇਦ ਹੈ। ਡਾ.ਜੋਗਿੰਦਰ ਸਿੰਘ ਅਨੁਸਾਰ ''ਜਪੁਜੀ ਇਕ ਵਿਚਾਰ ਪ੍ਰਧਾਨ ਬਾਣੀ ਹੈ ਜਿਸ ਦੀਆਂ 34 ਤੋਂ 37 ਤੱਕ ਦੀਆਂ ਪੌੜੀਆਂ ਵਿਚ ਸਚਿਆਰ ਪਦ ਨੂੰ ਪਹੁੰਚਣ ਦੇ ਪੰਜ ਪੜਾਅ ਵਰਨਣ ਕੀਤੇ ਹਨ ਅਤੇ ਦੱਸਿਆ ਹੈ ਕਿ ਸਾਧਕ ਕਿਵੇਂ ਇਕ ਪੜਾਅ ਵਿਚ ਅੱਗੇ ਵਧਦਾ ਹੈ। ਗੁਰੂ ਨਾਨਕ ਦੇਵ ਜੀ ਨੇ ਇਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਪੜਾਵਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਹੀ 'ਖੰਡ' ਕਿਹਾ ਹੈ ਅਤੇ ਇਹ ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਦਾ ਮੌਲਿਕ ਦਰਸ਼ਨ ਹੈ।''1

NUTRIGENOMICS OF FERMENTED DAIRY: LASSI AND THE GUT GENE AXIS – IMPLICATIONS FOR INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE MODULATION IN THE PUNJABI POPULATION

Arvinder Kaur India DOI Pages: 1-11
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NUTRIGENOMICS OF FERMENTED DAIRY: LASSI AND THE GUT GENE AXIS – IMPLICATIONS FOR INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE MODULATION IN THE PUNJABI POPULATION
Author: Arvinder Kaur

The traditional Punjabi diet, characterized by high consumption of fermented dairy products such as dahi (curd) and lassi, provides a rich source of indigenous probiotics that interact with the host genome via the gut-gene axis. Nutrigenomics elucidates how these probiotics modulate gene expression, particularly in the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway—a critical regulator of insulin sensitivity—and inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8. This comprehensive review synthesizes evidence from in vitro, animal, and human studies, focusing on lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains (e.g., Lactobacillus plantarum, L. rhamnosus, L. acidophilus) prevalent in home-set Punjabi curd. Key findings indicate that lassi-derived probiotics inhibit NF-κB activation,downregulate pro-inflammatory cytokines by 40-70% in intestinal epithelial cells, and upregulate PI3K/AKT-mTOR pathways, enhancing anti-inflammatory IL-10 and gut barrier integrity. In db/db diabetic mice, LAB mixtures reduced fasting blood glucose by promoting PI3K/AKT signaling and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production. Human trials with fermented dairy show reduced CRP and cytokine levels in high-dairy consumers. Punjabi-specific contexts reveal daily dairy intake (1-2 L milk equivalents) correlates with lower inflammation markers, attributed to strain-specific effects of local LAB.

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